23.Packaging and Sustainable Development

A. In the 1970s, the packaging industry faced a number of challenges. The two oil crises of 1973 and 1978 produced a situation in which energy conservation became a top priority. At the same time, goods manufacturers and retailers were demanding ever lighter packaging that would cut the amount of resources used in manufacture and the energy used in transportation. Environmental groups were using packaging in their campaigns as a symbol of the “throwaway” society. By the affluent 1980s, the emphasis was shifting. What had been a serious energy problem had been replaced by what was seen as a solid waste disposal problem. People were less worried about the energy being used and more concerned about what happened to the waste. Environmental groups argued that packaging should be reduced to help solve the “waste problem”. Companies are also faced with the problem that consumers often say that they think packaging is a waste of resources.

B. For economic reasons, companies design packaging to use just enough, and no more, material than is needed to ensure that goods survive the distribution chain and are delivered to consumers in good condition. In developing countries, up to 50% of food is wasted on the journey from farm to shop. In Western Europe less than 3% goes to waste. Packaging is a significant fraction—between 20% and 25% by weight—of municil al solid waste, which is largely household waste. What the consumer does not see is that household dustbin waste makes up less than 20% of the total solid waste from all sources sent to landfill in a typical European country. Landfill is dominated by industrial, demolition and construction waste. Household packaging accounts for less than 5% by weight or volume.

C. Rather than respond to these issues individually, companies in the packaging sector decided to set up a joint body known as the Industry Council for Packaging and the Environment (INCPEN) to carry out research into the environmental and social effects of packaging. INCPEN produced the first detailed estimates of the amount of packaging that enters the waste stream and its relationship to total waste generation. It has commissioned studies into the energy requirements of packaging production and packaging distribution systems, and it has carried out surveys of litter. INCPEN commissioned an independent study called “Packaging in a Market Economy”, which examined he functional, environmental, social and economic considerations involved in packaging assessment, including case studies on the packaging for fish, computer monitors, liquid detergents and luxury cosmetics. More recently, it has published a report on the environmental impact of packaging in the UK food supply system, investigating the resource requirements of food packaging against those of food production and distribution. The findings from this research have been used to promote good packaging practice, and to inform legislators, consumers and interest groups about the role of packaging.

D. Choice of packaging type is made on the basis of a series of trade-offs between many factors, particular1y between the amount of packaging and likely product wastage. Manufacturers of goods look for a balance between protecting their goods, protecting public health and the environment and providing what the consumer needs (easy opening packaging for the elderly, etc.). The latter factor, and, as families get smaller and household sizes decline, the demand for smaller-sized portions means that the demand for packaging will grow rather than decline.

E. At the same ime, there are compensating developments that will tend towards reduced packaging. For example, many companies, especially in the retail sector, are increasingly designing all the packaging needed to protect goods (the packaging immediately containing the goods, the secondary or grouping, packaging and the packaging used to transport the grouped packs) as complete systems. This makes more effective us of resources.

Consumers are increasingly willing to buy concentrated products in lightweight refill packs for dilution at home, and companies are increasingly informing consumers about the choices available to them, enabling them to make informed decisions about the products they buy and how to use them efficiently.

F. The concentration on packaging as waste has led to two separate issues being confused:
The need to design good packaging systems that get products from manufacture to consumption witt the minimum necessary expenditure of resources, and the need to
invest in modern solid waste management techniques so that we can reduce the environmental impact of all waste, not just packaging. This confusion has two unfortunate consequences: It gives the false impression that all one has to do to solve the waste problern is to remove packaging from waste, and it over- emphasizes one environmental consideration—waste—and distracts attention from designing resource-efficient packaging that can make the best use of all resources throughout the distribution chain.

G. Today, INCPEN's major task is to develop effective working partnerships with government regulators, to ensure that policy on packaging aligns more closely with the major needs of sustainable development, rather than simply seeking to reduce the quantities of packaging materials used. Current restrictive laws on packaging need to be replaced with policies that enable companies to develop packaging systems that will help make more efficient use of resources in getting goods from point of production to consumption.

Adapted from an article in The Times

Questions 1—7
The reading passage has seven paragraphs A — G.
From the list of headings below choose the most suitable heading for each paragraph. Write the appropriate numbers i—x in boxes 1 —7 on your answer sheet.

List of Headings
i. Managing waste
ii. Packaging is not the worst waste generator
iii. Consumers demand better packaging
iv. Alarm bells ring over energy conservation
v. Factors leading to reduced packaging
vi. Certain packaging laws need to be changed
vii. INCPEN commissions studies
viii. How packaging type is decided
ix. Environmental pressures on the packaging industry
x. The role of INICPEN
1. Paragraph A
2. Paragraph B
3. Paragraph C
4. Paragraph D
5. Paragraph E
6. Paragraph F
7. Paragraph G

Answer: 1-ix, 2-ii, 3-x, 4-viii, 5-v, 6-i, 7-vi

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